![]() ![]() Strain and temperature sensing were demonstrated by whisker arrays 22 and thin film sensors 31. Many emerging sensors, including pressure 18, 19, 20, 21, strain 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and temperature 29, 30, are underway to achieve excellent performance. However, previous reports have mainly focused on single or dual sensory capabilities. Indeed, the ability to sense multiple stimuli is an ultimate goal for e-skin systems 3, 4, 5. Mechanosensation electronics is supposed to be the core part of IoA 2, 11, 14, 15, 16, and multi-functionalities are of essential importance in developing smart and interactive flexible/stretchable electronics 2, 15, 16, 17. The IoA would ascribe a world where billions of objects tightly integrated with sensors, processors, and actuators to sense stimuli and do actions interactively and adaptively could naturally allow people to interact and communicate with the surroundings, including physical objects and external stimuli and do some actions in response after computations 13. E-skin, which is capable of sensing different stimuli, is likely to boost emergence of the Internet of ‘actions’ (IoA), as we suppose, which would be a new era of health care, medical science, and robotics. ![]() Consisting of mechanically flexible and stretchable sensor networks, mechanosensation electronics (electronic skin, e-skin) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 has been developed to mimic the human somatosensory system by detecting and quantifying various stimuli in the ambient environment and have attracted tremendous attention for their revolutionary applications in robotics 7, 8, prosthetics 4, 9, 10, and health-monitoring technologies 3, 11, 12. The human somatosensory system is a complex network that converts environmental stimuli into electrical impulses through various sensory receptors (mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, etc.) and transmits these signals via neural pathways, enabling the sensations of touch, heat/cold, and punching invasion. Looking forward, this SCMN has broader applications in humanoid robotics, new prosthetics, human–machine interfaces, and health-monitoring technologies. We further construct a personalized intelligent prosthesis and demonstrate its use in real-time spatial pressure mapping and temperature estimation. The actualized specific expandable sensor units integrated on a structured polyimide network, potentially in three-dimensional (3D) integration scheme, can also fulfill simultaneous multi-stimulus sensing and achieve an adjustable sensing range and large-area expandability. Here we present a skin-inspired highly stretchable and conformable matrix network (SCMN) that successfully expands the e-skin sensing functionality including but not limited to temperature, in-plane strain, humidity, light, magnetic field, pressure, and proximity. Mechanosensation electronics (or Electronic skin, e-skin) consists of mechanically flexible and stretchable sensor networks that can detect and quantify various stimuli to mimic the human somatosensory system, with the sensations of touch, heat/cold, and pain in skin through various sensory receptors and neural pathways.
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